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ORP ''Jastrząb'' ("Hawk") was an old ''Holland''-type S-class submarine, originally of the United States Navy, in Polish service between 1941 and 1942, when she was lost to friendly fire. ==Ship history== She was laid down in October 1918 as , and launched in 1922. In 1940 she was set aside as a training vessel, and then earmarked for transfer to the Royal Navy under Lend-Lease. She was decommissioned from the U.S. Navy on 4 November 1941, and simultaneously transferred to the Royal Navy as HMS ''P551''; shortly thereafter she was loaned to the exiled Polish government, and entered service with the Polish Navy under Lieutenant Commander Bolesław Romanowski, due to a lack of trained submarine crews in the Royal Navy at the time.〔Jerzy Pertek, p. 319〕 ''Jastrząb'' entered the history of the Polish Navy as its only submarine ever to cross the Atlantic Ocean from the West to the East, as she came from the US to Europe. During the passage of convoy PQ-15 to Murmansk, ''Jastrząb'' on 2 May 1942 was mistakenly engaged by the destroyer HNoMS ''St. Albans'' and the minesweeper . She was attacked with depth charges and made to surface, there she was strafed with the loss of five crew (including British liaison officer) and six injured, including the commander.〔Jerzy Pertek, p.324〕 The ship was badly damaged and had to be scuttled, near . The incident is a matter of some controversy. One source 〔Jerzy Pertek, p. 321〕 states ''Jastrząb'' was escorting PQ 15, i.e. travelling with the convoy. Others however 〔Paul Kemp, p. 47〕〔Bernard Schofield, p. 60〕 state she was covering PQ 15’s passage by patrolling the Norwegian coast against a sortie by German capital ships, one of five submarines so assigned. These sources state ''Jastrząb'' was out of position; Pertek however states that it was the convoy which was out of position,〔Jerzy Pertek, p. 323〕 and other sources confirm the convoy had altered course to avoid ice. The position of the incident, 200 miles from the Norwegian coast is inconsistent with a mission to patrol that coast, typically no more than 10 to 20 miles out. Pertek also (after Romanowski's testimony) states ''Jastrząb'' was fired upon despite showing yellow recognition smoke candles; however other sources do not confirm this. Finally Pertek states the commanders of ''St Albans'' and ''Seagull'' were found guilty at a court martial over the incident; Kemp states that the court of enquiry (a normal procedure following the loss of a ship, though not of friendly fire cases) found no blame could be attributed to either commander.〔Paul Kemp, p. 49〕 There is absolutely no way to reconcile these divergent accounts, suggesting that Pertek's research is badly biased in favor of nationalist Polish sources which paint the event as a negligent act by the US and Britain. On May 5, 1942, the convoy reached Murmansk, where the Polish crew remained resting for two and a half months, then returned to Great Britain on board the Polish destroyer .〔Jerzy Pertek, p. 325〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「ORP Jastrząb」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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